cycle: the Talmudic routing sends roots the engine can read

route_if_unresolved sent the roots' Hebrew (ברא) to the Talmudic
Engine, whose verse facts name roots by letter (bet_resh_aleph, read
from "bet-resh-aleph"). Since Step 14 every interpretation the cycle
took from the engine was "resolved" over an empty trace — 0 verses,
0 mitzvot — and so was every case it escalated to the Sanhedrin. Now
the names go up (BereishitCycle.engine_root_name/1, from tablet 55's
third commit), on both the interpretation and the escalation.

Proven against the engine running locally on its socket, with the
roots the cycle itself activates for bereishit 1:1:
  HEBREW (as before): status=resolved verses=0  mitzvot=0
  NAMES  (now):       status=resolved verses=11 mitzvot=4
Elixir 632/0. The unresolved route cannot be driven in the test env
(it needs the Shoresh Engine to leave a root ungrounded); the live
proof is a pe'ah question with an ungroundable Hebrew word.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

sanhedrin/src/halt_monitor.erl

@@ -145,13 +145,29 @@ handle_info(_Info, State) ->
 %% Internal — gate-keeper checks
 %%====================================================================
 
-do_check_case(Case) ->
-    Context = Case#sanhedrin_case.context,
+%% The context is a map (authority_source, action, ...). Anything else is
+%% a malformed case, refused here — never reasoned about, never a crash.
+%% Tablet 55 (2026-10-19): the Tamid's own example request carried a
+%% LIST as context; maps:get raised, and this gen_server and escalation
+%% died with the caller's input. A gate that can be felled by what it is
+%% handed is not a gate. Fail closed, stay standing.
+do_check_case(#sanhedrin_case{context = Context}) when is_map(Context) ->
     with_chain([
         fun() -> check_avodah_zarah(Context) end,
         fun() -> check_shfichut_damim(Context) end,
         fun() -> check_gilui_arayot(Context) end
-    ]).
+    ]);
+do_check_case(#sanhedrin_case{context = Other}) ->
+    {halt, malformed_case,
+     iolist_to_binary([<<"case context must be a map, got ">>,
+                       atom_to_binary(type_name(Other), utf8)])}.
+
+type_name(T) when is_list(T)   -> list;
+type_name(T) when is_binary(T) -> binary;
+type_name(T) when is_atom(T)   -> atom;
+type_name(T) when is_tuple(T)  -> tuple;
+type_name(T) when is_number(T) -> number;
+type_name(_)                   -> other.
 
 do_check_vote(_Vote) ->
     %% Vote-level halt detection is the responsibility of the upstream

sanhedrin/src/judge.erl

@@ -11,6 +11,20 @@
 %%%
 %%% Judges deliberate independently — they do not see
 %%% other judges' votes until the panel collects them.
+%%%
+%%% Tablet 55 (2026-10-19): until this rewrite the judge chose one of
+%%% six canned positions by a hash over the question, its own pid and
+%%% the clock. The verdict had no relation to the case; "Torah
+%%% references ground this interpretation (0 roots, 0 references
+%%% examined)" was accepted on nothing — the calf, cast by the court
+%%% itself. Now a judge CONSULTS: the application env `consult` names
+%%% an {M, F} the pipeline registers (the Talmudic Engine behind it),
+%%% and each seat on the panel performs one step of the dialectic —
+%%% interpret, challenge, resolve, cycling by seat — on the case's
+%%% roots and question. Resolved → accept, with the verses; a standing
+%%% kushya → reject; teiku → abstain. No consult, or an engine that
+%%% cannot be reached → abstain, and the reasoning says so. Dissent
+%%% arises from the dialectic, never from a die.
 %%% @end
 %%%-------------------------------------------------------------------
 -module(judge).
@@ -20,24 +34,34 @@
 -include("sanhedrin.hrl").
 
 %% API
--export([start_link/1, deliberate/2, stop/1]).
+-export([start_link/1, start_link/2, deliberate/2, stop/1]).
+
+%% Exposed for the suite
+-export([step_for_seat/1, vote_from_consultation/3]).
 
 %% gen_server callbacks
 -export([init/1, handle_call/3, handle_cast/2, handle_info/2]).
 
 -record(state, {
     judge_id   :: reference(),
+    seat       :: pos_integer(),
     case_data  :: #sanhedrin_case{},
     vote       :: #vote{} | undefined,
     panel_pid  :: pid() | undefined
 }).
 
+-define(STEPS, [interpret, challenge, resolve]).
+
 %%====================================================================
 %% API
 %%====================================================================
 
 start_link(Case) ->
-    gen_server:start_link(?MODULE, Case, []).
+    start_link(Case, 1).
+
+%% @doc Start a judge in seat N of its panel (1-based).
+start_link(Case, Seat) ->
+    gen_server:start_link(?MODULE, {Case, Seat}, []).
 
 %% @doc Instruct this judge to deliberate and send vote to PanelPid.
 -spec deliberate(pid(), pid()) -> ok.
@@ -49,28 +73,35 @@ deliberate(JudgePid, PanelPid) ->
 stop(JudgePid) ->
     gen_server:stop(JudgePid, normal, 5000).
 
+%% @doc The step of the dialectic a seat performs: 1 → interpret,
+%% 2 → challenge, 3 → resolve, 4 → interpret, ...
+-spec step_for_seat(pos_integer()) -> interpret | challenge | resolve.
+step_for_seat(Seat) when is_integer(Seat), Seat >= 1 ->
+    lists:nth(((Seat - 1) rem length(?STEPS)) + 1, ?STEPS).
+
 %%====================================================================
 %% gen_server callbacks
 %%====================================================================
 
-init(Case) ->
-    JudgeId = make_ref(),
+init({Case, Seat}) ->
     {ok, #state{
-        judge_id  = JudgeId,
+        judge_id  = make_ref(),
+        seat      = Seat,
         case_data = Case,
         vote      = undefined,
         panel_pid = undefined
-    }}.
+    }};
+init(Case) ->
+    init({Case, 1}).
 
 handle_call(_Request, _From, State) ->
     {reply, {error, unknown_request}, State}.
 
 handle_cast({deliberate, PanelPid}, State) ->
-    Vote = perform_deliberation(State#state.judge_id, State#state.case_data),
+    Vote = perform_deliberation(State#state.judge_id, State#state.seat, State#state.case_data),
     %% Send vote to panel
     PanelPid ! {vote, Vote},
     {noreply, State#state{vote = Vote, panel_pid = PanelPid}};
-
 handle_cast(_Msg, State) ->
     {noreply, State}.
 
@@ -78,112 +109,112 @@ handle_info(_Info, State) ->
     {noreply, State}.
 
 %%====================================================================
-%% Internal — Deliberation logic
+%% Internal — Deliberation
 %%====================================================================
 
-%% @doc Perform independent deliberation.
-%%
-%% Phase 2: Each judge examines the case context (roots, torah_refs)
-%% and produces an independent interpretation. In Phase 3, judges
-%% will call the Talmudic Engine for deeper reasoning.
-%%
-%% The deliberation is non-deterministic by design — judges may
-%% reach different conclusions from the same evidence.
-perform_deliberation(JudgeId, Case) ->
+perform_deliberation(JudgeId, Seat, Case) ->
+    Step = step_for_seat(Seat),
     Context = Case#sanhedrin_case.context,
-    Question = Case#sanhedrin_case.question,
-
-    %% Extract roots and references from context
     Roots = maps:get(roots, Context, []),
-    TorahRefs = maps:get(torah_refs, Context, []),
-
-    %% Generate interpretation based on case content
-    {Position, Reasoning, Verdict} = interpret(Question, Roots, TorahRefs),
-
-    %% Build Torah references for this vote
-    VoteRefs = build_refs(TorahRefs),
-
+    Question = Case#sanhedrin_case.question,
+    Consultation = consult(Step, Case#sanhedrin_case.case_ref, Roots, Question, Context),
+    {Position, Reasoning, Refs, Verdict} = vote_from_consultation(Step, Consultation, length(Roots)),
     #vote{
         judge_id   = JudgeId,
         position   = Position,
         reasoning  = Reasoning,
-        torah_refs = VoteRefs,
+        torah_refs = build_refs(Refs),
         verdict    = Verdict,
         cast_at    = erlang:system_time(millisecond)
     }.
 
-%% @doc Generate an interpretation.
-%%
-%% Phase 2: Uses deterministic logic based on case content.
-%% Each judge applies a slightly different weighting — simulated
-%% by examining different aspects of the roots and references.
-%%
-%% Phase 3: Will delegate to Talmudic Engine for real dialectical
-%% reasoning (interpret → challenge → resolve).
-interpret(Question, Roots, TorahRefs) ->
-    %% Base interpretation on root analysis
-    RootCount = length(Roots),
-    RefCount = length(TorahRefs),
-
-    %% Deterministic but varied deliberation:
-    %% Judges use their unique ID (via process randomness) to
-    %% introduce variation, simulating independent thought.
-    Hash = erlang:phash2({Question, self(), erlang:monotonic_time()}),
-
-    case Hash rem 6 of
-        0 ->
-            {<<"The roots indicate acceptance — the action aligns with Torah principle">>,
-             format_reasoning(<<"Root analysis supports this interpretation">>, RootCount, RefCount),
-             accept};
-        1 ->
-            {<<"The roots indicate rejection — the action contradicts specification">>,
-             format_reasoning(<<"Root tension detected — contradicting principles found">>, RootCount, RefCount),
-             reject};
-        2 ->
-            {<<"The roots support acceptance with qualification">>,
-             format_reasoning(<<"Conditional acceptance — roots align but context requires care">>, RootCount, RefCount),
-             accept};
-        3 ->
-            {<<"Insufficient grounding — the question cannot be resolved from available sources">>,
-             format_reasoning(<<"Teiku — the evidence is insufficient for determination">>, RootCount, RefCount),
-             abstain};
-        4 ->
-            {<<"The references confirm the action is consistent with specification">>,
-             format_reasoning(<<"Torah references ground this interpretation">>, RootCount, RefCount),
-             accept};
-        5 ->
-            {<<"The references reveal a tension that prohibits this action">>,
-             format_reasoning(<<"Prohibition detected via root-reference cross-analysis">>, RootCount, RefCount),
-             reject}
+%% The consult callback: {M, F} in the sanhedrin application env,
+%% called as M:F(Step, CaseRef, Roots, Question, Context) and expected
+%% to answer {ok, #{status := binary(), text := binary(),
+%% verses := [{atom(), integer(), integer()}], kushya => binary()}}
+%% or {error, term()}. Anything it raises is caught: a judge that
+%% cannot consult abstains; it does not fall.
+consult(Step, CaseRef, Roots, Question, Context) ->
+    case application:get_env(sanhedrin, consult) of
+        {ok, {M, F}} when is_atom(M), is_atom(F) ->
+            try M:F(Step, CaseRef, Roots, Question, Context) of
+                {ok, Map} when is_map(Map) -> {ok, Map};
+                {error, Reason} -> {error, Reason};
+                Other -> {error, {bad_consultation, Other}}
+            catch
+                Class:Reason -> {error, {Class, Reason}}
+            end;
+        _ ->
+            {error, no_consult_registered}
     end.
 
-format_reasoning(Base, RootCount, RefCount) ->
+%% @doc The vote a consultation yields. Exposed for the suite.
+-spec vote_from_consultation(interpret | challenge | resolve,
+                             {ok, map()} | {error, term()},
+                             non_neg_integer()) ->
+          {binary(), binary(), list(), accept | reject | abstain}.
+vote_from_consultation(Step, {ok, Map}, RootCount) ->
+    Status = maps:get(status, Map, <<"teiku">>),
+    Text = maps:get(text, Map, <<>>),
+    Verses = maps:get(verses, Map, []),
+    Grounding = maps:get(grounding, Map, []),
+    case Status of
+        <<"resolved">> when Verses =:= [], Grounding =:= [] ->
+            %% The engine says "resolved" over an empty trace — no verse,
+            %% no mitzvah. That is a reading that stands on nothing, and
+            %% a vote to accept it would be the calf (avodah_zarah.pl
+            %% Form 2: the uncoupled output). Abstain, and say why.
+            {<<"Teiku — the reading is coupled to no verse and no mitzvah">>,
+             reasoning(Step, <<"resolved on an empty trace; nothing to stand on">>, RootCount, Verses),
+             [], abstain};
+        <<"resolved">> ->
+            {Text,
+             reasoning(Step, <<"resolved">>, RootCount, Verses),
+             Verses, accept};
+        <<"challenged">> ->
+            Kushya = maps:get(kushya, Map, <<"a kushya stands">>),
+            {Kushya,
+             reasoning(Step, <<"a kushya stands against the reading">>, RootCount, Verses),
+             Verses, reject};
+        <<"halt">> ->
+            {Text,
+             reasoning(Step, <<"the halt rules fired">>, RootCount, Verses),
+             Verses, reject};
+        _ ->
+            {<<"Teiku — the question is not resolved from the specification">>,
+             reasoning(Step, <<"teiku">>, RootCount, Verses),
+             Verses, abstain}
+    end;
+vote_from_consultation(Step, {error, Reason}, RootCount) ->
+    {<<"Teiku — the specification was not consulted">>,
+     iolist_to_binary([step_name(Step), <<": no consultation (">>,
+                       io_lib:format("~p", [Reason]), <<") — ">>,
+                       integer_to_binary(RootCount), <<" roots given; abstaining">>]),
+     [], abstain}.
+
+reasoning(Step, What, RootCount, Verses) ->
     iolist_to_binary([
-        Base,
-        <<" (">>,
-        integer_to_binary(RootCount),
-        <<" roots, ">>,
-        integer_to_binary(RefCount),
-        <<" references examined)">>
+        step_name(Step), <<" via the Talmudic Engine: ">>, What,
+        <<" (">>, integer_to_binary(RootCount), <<" roots, ">>,
+        integer_to_binary(length(Verses)), <<" verses)">>
     ]).
 
+step_name(interpret) -> <<"interpret">>;
+step_name(challenge) -> <<"challenge">>;
+step_name(resolve)   -> <<"resolve">>.
+
 build_refs(TorahRefs) ->
     lists:map(
-        fun(Ref) when is_tuple(Ref) ->
-            case Ref of
-                {Book, Chapter, Verse} ->
-                    #torah_ref{book = Book, chapter = Chapter, verse = Verse};
-                _ ->
-                    #torah_ref{book = unknown, chapter = 0, verse = 0}
-            end;
+        fun({Book, Chapter, Verse}) ->
+                #torah_ref{book = Book, chapter = Chapter, verse = Verse};
            (Ref) when is_map(Ref) ->
-            #torah_ref{
-                book = maps:get(book, Ref, unknown),
-                chapter = maps:get(chapter, Ref, 0),
-                verse = maps:get(verse, Ref, 0)
-            };
+                #torah_ref{
+                    book = maps:get(book, Ref, unknown),
+                    chapter = maps:get(chapter, Ref, 0),
+                    verse = maps:get(verse, Ref, 0)
+                };
            (_) ->
-            #torah_ref{book = unknown, chapter = 0, verse = 0}
+                #torah_ref{book = unknown, chapter = 0, verse = 0}
         end,
         TorahRefs
     ).

sanhedrin/src/panel.erl

@@ -207,15 +207,21 @@ compute_majority_minority([]) ->
        torah_refs => [],
        vote_count => 0}};
 compute_majority_minority(Votes) ->
-    %% Count accepts vs rejects
     Accepts = [V || V <- Votes, V#vote.verdict == accept],
     Rejects = [V || V <- Votes, V#vote.verdict == reject],
     Abstains = [V || V <- Votes, V#vote.verdict == abstain],
+    NA = length(Accepts), NR = length(Rejects), NB = length(Abstains),
 
+    %% The majority is the verdict with the most votes — abstentions
+    %% count (tablet 55: live, one accept "won" against two
+    %% abstentions, and the reply showed majority 1, minority 2). An
+    %% abstaining plurality, or an accept/reject tie, is teiku
+    %% (determine_outcome reads the majority's verdict).
     {MajVotes, MinVotes} =
-        case length(Accepts) >= length(Rejects) of
-            true  -> {Accepts, Rejects ++ Abstains};
-            false -> {Rejects, Accepts ++ Abstains}
+        if
+            NA > NR, NA >= NB -> {Accepts, Rejects ++ Abstains};
+            NR > NA, NR >= NB -> {Rejects, Accepts ++ Abstains};
+            true              -> {Abstains, Accepts ++ Rejects}
         end,
 
     MajSample = case MajVotes of
@@ -307,9 +313,10 @@ store_all_opinions(CaseRef, Votes, Majority) ->
 %%====================================================================
 
 convene_judges(Case, Size) ->
+    %% Seat N performs step N of the dialectic (judge:step_for_seat/1).
     lists:map(
-        fun(_N) ->
-            {ok, Pid} = judge:start_link(Case),
+        fun(Seat) ->
+            {ok, Pid} = judge:start_link(Case, Seat),
             Pid
         end,
         lists:seq(1, Size)

sanhedrin/test/sanhedrin_SUITE.erl

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 -include_lib("eunit/include/eunit.hrl").
 -include("sanhedrin.hrl").
 
+%% The consult callback the tablet-55 tests register (judge:consult reads {M,F}).
+-export([fake_consult/5]).
+
 %% ============================================================
 %% Test fixture — start/stop the application for each test
 %% ============================================================
@@ -58,6 +61,16 @@ halt_clear_test() ->
     ?assertEqual(clear, halt_monitor:check_case(Case)),
     cleanup(ok).
 
+%% Tablet 55: a non-map context is refused, and the monitor survives it.
+halt_malformed_context_test() ->
+    {ok, _} = application:ensure_all_started(sanhedrin),
+    Sides = [#{<<"position">> => <<"a">>, <<"evidence">> => [<<"x">>]}],
+    Case = make_case_with_context(simple, <<"question">>, Sides),
+    ?assertMatch({halt, malformed_case, _}, halt_monitor:check_case(Case)),
+    %% still standing, and still judging
+    ?assertEqual(clear, halt_monitor:check_case(make_case(simple, <<"q">>))),
+    ok.
+
 halt_avodah_zarah_test() ->
     setup(),
     Case = make_case_with_context(simple, <<"question">>,
@@ -372,6 +385,92 @@ judge_deliberate_sends_vote_test() ->
     end,
     judge:stop(JudgePid).
 
+%% ============================================================
+%% Tablet 55 — the judge consults; it does not roll dice
+%% ============================================================
+
+judge_seats_cycle_the_dialectic_test() ->
+    ?assertEqual(interpret, judge:step_for_seat(1)),
+    ?assertEqual(challenge, judge:step_for_seat(2)),
+    ?assertEqual(resolve,   judge:step_for_seat(3)),
+    ?assertEqual(interpret, judge:step_for_seat(4)),
+    ?assertEqual(challenge, judge:step_for_seat(23)),
+    ?assertEqual(challenge, judge:step_for_seat(71)).
+
+judge_without_consult_abstains_test() ->
+    application:unset_env(sanhedrin, consult),
+    Case = make_case_with_context(simple, <<"q">>, #{roots => [<<"br-a">>]}),
+    {ok, JudgePid} = judge:start_link(Case, 1),
+    judge:deliberate(JudgePid, self()),
+    receive
+        {vote, Vote} ->
+            ?assertEqual(abstain, Vote#vote.verdict),
+            ?assertEqual([], Vote#vote.torah_refs),
+            ?assertMatch({_, _}, binary:match(Vote#vote.reasoning, <<"no consultation">>))
+    after 5000 -> ?assert(false)
+    end,
+    judge:stop(JudgePid).
+
+judge_consult_resolved_accepts_with_verses_test() ->
+    application:set_env(sanhedrin, consult, {?MODULE, fake_consult}),
+    Case = make_case_with_context(simple, <<"q">>, #{roots => [<<"br-a">>], fake => resolved}),
+    {ok, JudgePid} = judge:start_link(Case, 1),
+    judge:deliberate(JudgePid, self()),
+    receive
+        {vote, Vote} ->
+            ?assertEqual(accept, Vote#vote.verdict),
+            ?assertEqual(<<"the reading">>, Vote#vote.position),
+            ?assertMatch([#torah_ref{book = bereishit, chapter = 1, verse = 1}], Vote#vote.torah_refs),
+            ?assertMatch({_, _}, binary:match(Vote#vote.reasoning, <<"interpret via the Talmudic Engine">>))
+    after 5000 -> ?assert(false)
+    end,
+    judge:stop(JudgePid),
+    application:unset_env(sanhedrin, consult).
+
+judge_consult_raises_abstains_and_stands_test() ->
+    application:set_env(sanhedrin, consult, {?MODULE, fake_consult}),
+    Case = make_case_with_context(simple, <<"q">>, #{fake => raise}),
+    {ok, JudgePid} = judge:start_link(Case, 2),
+    judge:deliberate(JudgePid, self()),
+    receive
+        {vote, Vote} -> ?assertEqual(abstain, Vote#vote.verdict)
+    after 5000 -> ?assert(false)
+    end,
+    ?assert(is_process_alive(JudgePid)),
+    judge:stop(JudgePid),
+    application:unset_env(sanhedrin, consult).
+
+%% A panel of three where the dialectic finds a kushya at seat 2:
+%% interpret → resolved, challenge → challenged, resolve → resolved.
+%% Majority 2 accept, minority 1 reject — the minority preserved.
+panel_of_three_dissent_from_the_dialectic_test() ->
+    setup(),
+    application:set_env(sanhedrin, consult, {?MODULE, fake_consult}),
+    Case = make_case_with_context(monetary, <<"q">>, #{roots => [<<"br-a">>], fake => dialectic}),
+    {ok, CaseRef} = escalation:submit_case(Case),
+    timer:sleep(600),
+    {ok, Decision} = clerk:get_decision(CaseRef),
+    ?assertEqual(3, Decision#decision.panel_size),
+    ?assertEqual(accepted, Decision#decision.outcome),
+    ?assertEqual(2, maps:get(vote_count, Decision#decision.majority)),
+    ?assertEqual(1, maps:get(vote_count, Decision#decision.minority)),
+    ?assertEqual(<<"but the verse says otherwise">>, maps:get(position, Decision#decision.minority)),
+    application:unset_env(sanhedrin, consult),
+    cleanup(ok).
+
+%% The fake consultation the tests register. Step-aware for `dialectic`.
+fake_consult(_Step, _Ref, _Roots, _Q, #{fake := raise}) ->
+    erlang:error(engine_exploded);
+fake_consult(_Step, _Ref, _Roots, _Q, #{fake := resolved}) ->
+    {ok, #{status => <<"resolved">>, text => <<"the reading">>, verses => [{bereishit, 1, 1}]}};
+fake_consult(challenge, _Ref, _Roots, _Q, #{fake := dialectic}) ->
+    {ok, #{status => <<"challenged">>, text => <<>>, kushya => <<"but the verse says otherwise">>,
+           verses => [{devarim, 6, 4}]}};
+fake_consult(_Step, _Ref, _Roots, _Q, #{fake := dialectic}) ->
+    {ok, #{status => <<"resolved">>, text => <<"the reading">>, verses => [{bereishit, 1, 1}]}};
+fake_consult(_Step, _Ref, _Roots, _Q, _Ctx) ->
+    {error, no_fake}.
+
 %% ============================================================
 %% Panel majority/minority computation tests
 %% ============================================================
@@ -407,6 +506,37 @@ majority_verdict_reject_test() ->
     {Maj, _Min} = panel:compute_majority_minority(Votes),
     ?assertEqual(reject, maps:get(verdict, Maj)).
 
+%% Tablet 55: abstentions count. One accept against two abstentions is
+%% not an accepting majority — it is teiku.
+majority_abstaining_plurality_is_teiku_test() ->
+    Votes = [make_vote(accept), make_vote(abstain), make_vote(abstain)],
+    {Maj, Min} = panel:compute_majority_minority(Votes),
+    ?assertEqual(abstain, maps:get(verdict, Maj)),
+    ?assertEqual(2, maps:get(vote_count, Maj)),
+    ?assertEqual(1, maps:get(vote_count, Min)),
+    ?assertEqual(teiku, panel:determine_outcome(Maj, Min, passed)).
+
+majority_accept_reject_tie_is_teiku_test() ->
+    Votes = [make_vote(accept), make_vote(reject)],
+    {Maj, _Min} = panel:compute_majority_minority(Votes),
+    ?assertEqual(abstain, maps:get(verdict, Maj)),
+    ?assertEqual(0, maps:get(vote_count, Maj)).
+
+%% Tablet 55: "resolved" over an empty trace — no verse, no mitzvah —
+%% is nothing to stand on; the judge abstains rather than accept.
+judge_resolved_on_empty_trace_abstains_test() ->
+    {Pos, Reason, Refs, Verdict} =
+        judge:vote_from_consultation(interpret,
+            {ok, #{status => <<"resolved">>, text => <<"reading(0,0)">>, verses => [], grounding => []}}, 5),
+    ?assertEqual(abstain, Verdict),
+    ?assertEqual([], Refs),
+    ?assertMatch({_, _}, binary:match(Pos, <<"Teiku">>)),
+    ?assertMatch({_, _}, binary:match(Reason, <<"empty trace">>)),
+    %% a mitzvah without a verse is still ground
+    {_, _, _, V2} = judge:vote_from_consultation(interpret,
+        {ok, #{status => <<"resolved">>, text => <<"r">>, verses => [], grounding => [<<"mitzvah(5)">>]}}, 1),
+    ?assertEqual(accept, V2).
+
 %% ============================================================
 %% determine_outcome tests — accepted, rejected, teiku reachable
 %% ============================================================

specs/broken_tablets/README.md

@@ -132,3 +132,66 @@ make. The fence held throughout — each forgery was stripped and named by
 a verdict the builder did not write — which is the design proving itself
 on its builder: the check has to stand outside the model, because the
 model's own intention is subject to the same pull it is meant to catch.
+
+## Tablet 55 — the row that was a label (2026-10-19)
+
+Tamid promises `POST /chatzer/sanhedrin`: a case, optional sides, a
+panel of three, a majority of two and a minority of one with their
+sources. The row had stood since the endpoint was written. The build
+state carried a line beside it — "never verified on prod" — for months.
+On 2026-10-19 the builder sent the spec's own example request to the
+live system, as the roadmap's rule asks: a spec row is a claim to test,
+not a label.
+
+The first request answered 500. The router had handed the `sides` list
+to the Sanhedrin as the case's *context*, where the halt monitor reads a
+map of `authority_source` and `action`; `maps:get` raised, and the halt
+monitor and the escalation server died with the caller's input. The
+supervisor restarted them; health stayed 8/8 the whole time. A gate that
+can be felled by what it is handed is not a gate, and a health check
+that cannot see the gate fall is not watching it. The router then
+pattern-matched `{:ok, decision}` on an error and turned the refusal
+into a 500 of its own.
+
+The second request, without sides, answered 200 — and the answer was
+hollow. A panel of one, not three. Field names the spec does not use.
+An outcome of "accepted" on zero roots and zero references examined,
+under the sentence "Torah references ground this interpretation". That
+is the shape the bedikah names golden_calf when a model says it: a
+confident claim standing on nothing. Here the system said it in its own
+voice, through its own inner court. The complexity hint was ignored, no
+panel manna was spent, and nothing was engraved in L3.
+
+Fixed in this tablet: the halt monitor refuses a non-map context as
+`malformed_case` and stays standing; the router carries the sides inside
+the context map, checks their shape at the kiyor (422), and answers a
+Sanhedrin refusal (422 SANHEDRIN_HALTED) or failure (503
+SANHEDRIN_UNAVAILABLE) instead of crashing. The spec's own example now
+deliberates, and the test asserts that the gate is still there
+afterwards.
+
+Not fixed in the first commit, and recorded here so it was not mistaken
+for fixed: the panel of one, the empty references under a
+grounded-sounding sentence, the ignored hint, the unspent manna, the
+unrecorded case. The row in Tamid was still larger than the thing
+behind it.
+
+Fixed in the second commit, the same day. The judge had been choosing
+one of six canned positions by a hash over the question, its own pid
+and the clock — "non-deterministic by design", the comment said, with
+a note that a later phase would consult the engine. The phase never
+came; the dice stayed. Now a judge consults: the pipeline registers
+the Talmudic Engine as what a judge asks, and each seat on a panel
+performs one step of the dialectic over the case's roots — interpret,
+challenge, resolve, cycling by seat. A resolved reading is a vote to
+accept, with its verses; a standing kushya is a vote to reject; teiku
+is abstention; and a judge with nothing to consult abstains and says
+so. Dissent arises from the dialectic, not from a die. The chatzer
+path hears the question before submitting it, as pe'ah does — scope,
+verse, Shoresh Engine, roots — honours the complexity hint, spends one
+unit of the day's panel manna, engraves the decision and its minority
+in L3, and answers in the Tamid's own shape. The lesson is tablet
+37's again — a spec row is a claim to test — with one thing added: the
+system's own inner court is held to the same check as a model at the
+gate. When the Sanhedrin accepts on nothing, it is the calf, whoever
+cast it.

talmudic_engine/src/interface/api.pl

@@ -45,6 +45,24 @@ process_request(request(resolve, CaseRef, Domain, Roots, Question), Response) :-
     ;   Response = response(error, no_resolution, CaseRef)
     ).
 
+%% The challenge step of the dialectic, on its own (tablet 55: the
+%% Sanhedrin's second seat asks it; until now no handler answered and
+%% the socket fell silent). Interpret, then look for a kushya against
+%% the interpretation: one stands → resolved_challenged, the kushya
+%% named; none → no_challenge, the interpretation as read.
+process_request(request(challenge, CaseRef, Domain, Roots, Question), Response) :-
+    Case = case(CaseRef, Domain, Roots, Question),
+    (   interpret(Case, Interpretation)
+    ->  (   challenge(Interpretation, Kushya)
+        ->  Response = response(ok, resolved_challenged,
+                                result(interpretation(Interpretation),
+                                       challenge(Kushya)))
+        ;   format_interpretation(Interpretation, response(ok, interpreted, Result)),
+            Response = response(ok, no_challenge, Result)
+        )
+    ;   Response = response(error, no_interpretation, CaseRef)
+    ).
+
 process_request(request(halt_check, Action), Response) :-
     format_halt_check(Action, Response).
 

talmudic_engine/src/interface/json_bridge.pl

@@ -153,11 +153,15 @@ read_coupling_term(Str, Term) :-
 %% JSON format (Construction §3.3):
 %%   { "status": "resolved", "interpretation": { ... } }
 
-%% Interpreted response
-response_to_json(response(ok, interpreted, result(ref(Ref), mitzvot(Mitzvot),
-                                                   verses(Verses), reading(Reading),
-                                                   confidence(Conf))),
+%% Interpreted response — and the same shape under the names the
+%% resolve and challenge steps give it when the reading stands
+%% (tablet 55: resolved_accepted had no clause, so a resolve that
+%% succeeded came back UNEXPECTED_RESPONSE; no_challenge is new).
+response_to_json(response(ok, Kind, result(ref(Ref), mitzvot(Mitzvot),
+                                            verses(Verses), reading(Reading),
+                                            confidence(Conf))),
                  Dict) :-
+    memberchk(Kind, [interpreted, resolved_accepted, no_challenge]),
     maplist(term_to_string, Mitzvot, MitzvotStrs),
     maplist(term_to_string, Verses, VerseStrs),
     term_to_string(Reading, ReadingStr),
@@ -171,21 +175,52 @@ response_to_json(response(ok, interpreted, result(ref(Ref), mitzvot(Mitzvot),
                                      confidence: ConfStr},
                 challenge: null}.
 
-%% Challenged response
+%% Challenged response — the interpretation's verses and mitzvot are
+%% carried, so a judge rejecting on the kushya still cites its ground.
 response_to_json(response(ok, resolved_challenged,
                           result(interpretation(Interp), challenge(Kushya))),
                  Dict) :-
+    Interp = interpretation(_Ref, Mitzvot, Verses, _Reading, _Conf, _Trace),
+    maplist(term_to_string, Mitzvot, MitzvotStrs),
+    maplist(term_to_string, Verses, VerseStrs),
     term_to_string(Interp, InterpStr),
     term_to_string(Kushya, KushyaStr),
     Dict = json{status: "challenged",
                 interpretation: json{text: InterpStr,
                                      prolog_form: InterpStr,
-                                     grounding: [],
+                                     grounding: MitzvotStrs,
+                                     verses: VerseStrs,
                                      confidence: "medium"},
                 challenge: json{kushya: KushyaStr,
                                 contradicting: "",
                                 strength: "moderate"}}.
 
+%% Synthesized resolution: both readings stand on common ground.
+response_to_json(response(ok, resolved_synthesized,
+                          result(common(Common), verses(Verses), both_sides(Both))),
+                 Dict) :-
+    maplist(term_to_string, Common, CommonStrs),
+    maplist(term_to_string, Verses, VerseStrs),
+    term_to_string(Both, BothStr),
+    Dict = json{status: "resolved",
+                interpretation: json{text: BothStr,
+                                     prolog_form: BothStr,
+                                     grounding: CommonStrs,
+                                     verses: VerseStrs,
+                                     confidence: "medium"},
+                challenge: null}.
+
+%% No interpretation possible (from resolve)
+response_to_json(response(ok, no_interpretation, result(ref(Ref))), Dict) :-
+    atom_string(Ref, RefStr),
+    Dict = json{status: "teiku",
+                interpretation: json{text: "No interpretation found",
+                                     prolog_form: RefStr,
+                                     grounding: [],
+                                     verses: [],
+                                     confidence: "low"},
+                challenge: null}.
+
 %% Teiku response
 response_to_json(response(ok, teiku, result(record(Record))), Dict) :-
     term_to_string(Record, RecordStr),

talmudic_engine/test/reasoning_test.pl

@@ -112,3 +112,52 @@ test(teiku_count_works) :-
     integer(Count).
 
 :- end_tests(teiku_module).
+
+%% ============================================================
+%% Tablet 55 — the dialectic over the wire: interpret, challenge,
+%% resolve each answer JSON a judge can vote on. Before this the
+%% engine had no "challenge" action and a resolve that succeeded came
+%% back UNEXPECTED_RESPONSE (resolved_accepted had no JSON clause).
+%% ============================================================
+
+:- use_module('../src/interface/api').
+:- use_module('../src/interface/json_bridge').
+:- use_module('../src/interface/socket_server').
+
+:- begin_tests(dialectic_over_the_wire).
+
+roots_line(Action, Line) :-
+    format(atom(Line),
+           '{"action":"~w","case":{"ref":"t55-~w","question":"q","context_roots":["bet-resh-aleph","aleph-lamed-he"]}}',
+           [Action, Action]).
+
+test(interpret_answers_resolved_with_verses, [nondet]) :-
+    roots_line(interpret, L),
+    socket_server:process_json_line(L, R),
+    get_dict(status, R, "resolved"),
+    get_dict(interpretation, R, I),
+    get_dict(verses, I, Vs), Vs \== [].
+
+test(challenge_answers_and_carries_the_ground, [nondet]) :-
+    roots_line(challenge, L),
+    socket_server:process_json_line(L, R),
+    get_dict(status, R, S),
+    memberchk(S, ["resolved", "challenged"]),
+    get_dict(interpretation, R, I),
+    get_dict(verses, I, Vs), Vs \== [].
+
+test(resolve_answers_resolved_not_unexpected, [nondet]) :-
+    roots_line(resolve, L),
+    socket_server:process_json_line(L, R),
+    \+ get_dict(error, R, _),
+    get_dict(status, R, S),
+    memberchk(S, ["resolved", "challenged", "teiku"]).
+
+test(no_roots_resolves_on_an_empty_trace, [nondet]) :-
+    socket_server:process_json_line('{"action":"interpret","case":{"ref":"t55-empty","question":"q","context_roots":[]}}', R),
+    get_dict(status, R, "resolved"),
+    get_dict(interpretation, R, I),
+    get_dict(verses, I, []),
+    get_dict(grounding, I, []).
+
+:- end_tests(dialectic_over_the_wire).

vav_pipeline/lib/vav_pipeline/application.ex

@@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ defmodule VavPipeline.Application do
 
   @impl true
   def start(_type, _args) do
+    # Tablet 55: the Sanhedrin's judges consult the specification through
+    # this callback (the Talmudic Engine behind it). Registered before the
+    # supervision tree so the first panel convened can already consult.
+    Application.put_env(:sanhedrin, :consult, {VavPipeline.SanhedrinConsult, :consult})
+
     shoresh_binary = Application.get_env(:vav_pipeline, :shoresh_engine_binary, "shoresh-engine")
     shoresh_cwd = Application.get_env(:vav_pipeline, :shoresh_engine_cwd, nil)
     talmudic_socket = Application.get_env(:vav_pipeline, :talmudic_socket_path, "/tmp/bikoret/talmudic.sock")

vav_pipeline/lib/vav_pipeline/bereishit_cycle.ex

@@ -740,7 +740,10 @@ defmodule VavPipeline.BereishitCycle do
   @doc false
   defp route_if_unresolved(data, context) do
     roots = Map.get(data, :roots_activated, [])
-    context_roots = Enum.map(roots, & &1.shoresh)
+    # Tablet 55: the engine names roots by letter (bet_resh_aleph); the
+    # Hebrew was sent since Step 14 and never matched a verse fact, so
+    # every Talmudic interpretation was "resolved" over an empty trace.
+    context_roots = roots |> Enum.map(&engine_root_name/1) |> Enum.reject(&is_nil/1)
 
     case_ref = Map.get(data, :case_ref, generate_case_ref())
 
@@ -970,6 +973,40 @@ defmodule VavPipeline.BereishitCycle do
 
   defp letters_to_hebrew(_), do: nil
 
+  # The inverse: Hebrew consonant → letter name, finals folded to their base.
+  @hebrew_to_name Map.new(@consonant_names, fn {name, heb} -> {heb, name} end)
+                  |> Map.merge(%{"ך" => "kaf", "ם" => "mem", "ן" => "nun", "ף" => "pe", "ץ" => "tsadi"})
+
+  @doc """
+  The root as the Talmudic Engine names it — letter names joined by `-`
+  (`json_bridge` `parse_root_name` → `bet_resh_aleph`, the form of its
+  verse facts). From the letter names the Shoresh Engine gives when it
+  has them, else from the Hebrew (the L1 fallback carries only that).
+  Tablet 55: the engine was being sent the Hebrew, which its facts never
+  match — 5 roots in, 0 verses out, and "resolved" over the emptiness.
+  `nil` when the root carries nothing nameable.
+  """
+  @spec engine_root_name(map()) :: String.t() | nil
+  def engine_root_name(root) when is_map(root) do
+    letters = Map.get(root, :shoresh_letters) || []
+
+    names =
+      if is_list(letters) and letters != [] do
+        Enum.map(letters, &String.downcase(to_string(&1)))
+      else
+        root
+        |> Map.get(:shoresh)
+        |> case do
+          s when is_binary(s) -> s |> String.graphemes() |> Enum.map(&Map.get(@hebrew_to_name, &1))
+          _ -> [nil]
+        end
+      end
+
+    if names != [] and Enum.all?(names, &is_binary/1), do: Enum.join(names, "-"), else: nil
+  end
+
+  def engine_root_name(_), do: nil
+
   # ============================================================
   # Private helpers
   # ============================================================

vav_pipeline/lib/vav_pipeline/bigdei_kodesh/router.ex

@@ -1084,32 +1084,319 @@ defmodule VavPipeline.BigdeiKodesh.Router do
         resubmit: true
       })
     else
-      case_ref = generate_id()
+      # Tablet 55: the sides are the caller's arguments, not the halt
+      # gate's context. The gate reads a MAP (authority_source, action);
+      # handing it the sides list crashed the halt monitor and escalation
+      # with the Tamid's own example request. The sides ride inside the
+      # map, their shape checked at the door; and a refusal from the
+      # Sanhedrin is answered, not matched into a 500.
+      #
+      # And the case is RESOLVED before it is submitted — Construction
+      # §3.2: the pipeline hands the Sanhedrin roots and torah_refs. The
+      # question is heard the way pe'ah hears it (scope → verse → Shoresh
+      # Engine → roots); the complexity hint sets the panel; a panel
+      # spends one unit of the day's panel manna; the decision is
+      # engraved in L3; the answer takes the Tamid's shape.
+      with {:ok, sides} <- sanhedrin_sides(params["sides"]),
+           {:ok, complexity} <- sanhedrin_complexity(params["complexity_hint"]),
+           {:ok, scope, resolved_by} <- sanhedrin_scope(case_text),
+           {:ok, resolved} <- sanhedrin_resolve(case_text, scope, resolved_by),
+           :ok <- sanhedrin_gather_panel() do
+        case_ref = generate_id()
 
-      {:ok, decision} =
-        VavPipeline.SanhedrinClient.submit_case(%{
-          case_ref: case_ref,
-          complexity: :simple,
-          question: case_text,
-          context: params["sides"] || %{},
-          requested_by: "chatzer"
-        })
+        case VavPipeline.SanhedrinClient.submit_case(%{
+               case_ref: case_ref,
+               complexity: complexity,
+               question: case_text,
+               context: %{
+                 sides: sides,
+                 roots: resolved.roots,
+                 torah_refs: [resolved.torah_ref],
+                 authority_source: :torah
+               },
+               requested_by: "chatzer"
+             }) do
+          {:ok, decision} ->
+            recorded = sanhedrin_record_l3(case_ref, case_text, decision, resolved)
 
-      send_json(conn, 200, %{
-        case_ref: decision.case_ref,
-        deliberation: %{
-          panel_size: decision.panel_size,
-          majority: decision.majority,
-          minority: decision.minority,
-          outcome: decision.outcome,
-          processing_time_ms: decision.deliberation_time_ms
-        },
-        note: "This is the system's reasoning, not a binding ruling. A human beit din may reach a different conclusion.",
-        disclosure: disclosure()
-      })
+            send_json(conn, 200, %{
+              case_ref: decision.case_ref,
+              deliberation: %{
+                panel_size: decision.panel_size,
+                majority: sanhedrin_side(decision.majority),
+                minority: sanhedrin_side(decision.minority),
+                outcome: decision.outcome,
+                processing_time_ms: decision.deliberation_time_ms
+              },
+              grounding: %{
+                scope: scope_report(scope, resolved_by),
+                roots_consulted: format_roots(resolved.roots_full),
+                recorded: recorded
+              },
+              note: "This is the system's reasoning, not a binding ruling. A human beit din may reach a different conclusion.",
+              disclosure: disclosure()
+            })
+
+          {:error, "Halted" <> _ = reason} ->
+            send_error(conn, 422, "SANHEDRIN_HALTED", %{
+              issue: reason,
+              correction: "The case was refused at the gate before deliberation. Amend it and resubmit.",
+              resubmit: true
+            })
+
+          {:error, reason} ->
+            send_error(conn, 503, "SANHEDRIN_UNAVAILABLE", %{
+              issue: reason,
+              correction: "The Sanhedrin did not deliberate. Retry; if it recurs, the kohanim will find it in the log.",
+              resubmit: true
+            })
+        end
+      else
+        {:error, :sides, issue} ->
+          send_error(conn, 422, "KIYOR_VALIDATION_FAILED", %{
+            issue: issue,
+            correction: "'sides' is an optional list of {\"position\": string, \"evidence\": [string]}",
+            resubmit: true
+          })
+
+        {:error, :complexity, issue} ->
+          send_error(conn, 422, "KIYOR_VALIDATION_FAILED", %{
+            issue: issue,
+            correction: "'complexity_hint' is one of simple | monetary | capital | novel (panels of 1 | 3 | 23 | 71)",
+            resubmit: true
+          })
+
+        {:error, {:invalid_reference, ref}} ->
+          send_error(conn, 422, "KIYOR_VALIDATION_FAILED", %{
+            issue: "INVALID_SCOPE: #{ref} is not a verse in L1",
+            correction: "Name a verse that exists — chapter and verse within the five books.",
+            resubmit: true
+          })
+
+        {:waiting, reason} when reason in [:no_provision, :provision_exhausted] ->
+          send_error(conn, 503, "MANNA_DEPLETED", %{
+            issue: "No panel can be convened today: sanhedrin_panels_max is #{reason}",
+            correction: "Retry tomorrow, or raise MANNA_SANHEDRIN_PANELS_MAX in the ConfigMap",
+            resubmit: true
+          })
+
+        {:halted, what, reason} ->
+          send_error(conn, 503, "HALT_#{String.upcase(to_string(what))}", %{
+            issue: "The case could not be heard: #{inspect(reason)}",
+            correction: "Retry when the halt clears",
+            resubmit: true
+          })
+
+        {:transition, signal} ->
+          send_error(conn, 503, "CLOUD_MOVING", %{
+            issue: "The cloud is in transition (#{signal})",
+            correction: "Retry when the cloud settles",
+            resubmit: true
+          })
+      end
     end
   end
 
+  # The optional sides: absent → []; a list of maps each with a string
+  # "position" and an optional list of string "evidence" → kept as given;
+  # anything else → refused at the kiyor.
+  defp sanhedrin_sides(nil), do: {:ok, []}
+
+  defp sanhedrin_sides(sides) when is_list(sides) do
+    if Enum.all?(sides, &side_ok?/1),
+      do: {:ok, sides},
+      else: {:error, :sides, "'sides' must be a list of {position, evidence[]} objects"}
+  end
+
+  defp sanhedrin_sides(_), do: {:error, :sides, "'sides' must be a list"}
+
+  # The complexity hint names the panel (sanhedrin.hrl): absent → simple.
+  @sanhedrin_complexities %{"simple" => :simple, "monetary" => :monetary, "capital" => :capital, "novel" => :novel}
+  defp sanhedrin_complexity(nil), do: {:ok, :simple}
+
+  defp sanhedrin_complexity(hint) when is_binary(hint) do
+    case Map.fetch(@sanhedrin_complexities, hint) do
+      {:ok, c} -> {:ok, c}
+      :error -> {:error, :complexity, "'complexity_hint' #{inspect(hint)} is not one of simple | monetary | capital | novel"}
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp sanhedrin_complexity(other), do: {:error, :complexity, "'complexity_hint' must be a string, got #{inspect(other)}"}
+
+  # The scope: heard from the question (tablet 30), a named verse or a text
+  # match, else the default.
+  defp sanhedrin_scope(case_text), do: VavPipeline.ScopeResolver.resolve(case_text)
+
+  # The roots: the first two stages of the Bereishit cycle on the question —
+  # tohu (decompose) and vayomer (the Shoresh Engine over the verse in scope,
+  # or the question's own Hebrew). Nishma first: the Shema context is
+  # received, and the cloud is honoured, exactly as process/1 does.
+  defp sanhedrin_resolve(case_text, scope, resolved_by) do
+    case VavPipeline.Shema.receive_context(scope) do
+      {:error, reason} ->
+        {:halted, :context_failed, reason}
+
+      {:ok, context} ->
+        case context.cloud_state do
+          :camped ->
+            input = %{source: "chatzer", verse_scope: scope, scope_resolution: resolved_by, content: case_text}
+
+            state =
+              input
+              |> VavPipeline.BereishitCycle.tohu(context)
+              |> VavPipeline.BereishitCycle.vayomer(context)
+
+            roots_full = Map.get(state, :roots_activated, [])
+
+            {:ok,
+             %{
+               # The engine's verse facts name roots by letter — bet_resh_aleph —
+               # and json_bridge reads "bet-resh-aleph". The cycle's root carries
+               # the letter names beside the Hebrew; the Hebrew never matches
+               # (live, 2026-10-19: 5 roots sent, 0 verses found, "resolved").
+               roots: roots_full |> Enum.map(&VavPipeline.BereishitCycle.engine_root_name/1) |> Enum.reject(&is_nil/1),
+               roots_full: roots_full,
+               torah_ref: {String.to_atom(scope.book), scope.chapter, scope.verse},
+               read_from: Map.get(state, :roots_read_from)
+             }}
+
+          :moving ->
+            {:transition, :cloud_lifted}
+
+          {:major_transition, signal, _} ->
+            {:transition, signal}
+
+          other ->
+            {:transition, other}
+        end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # One panel per case from the day's manna (Vayakhel §3.7 — the ledger
+  # provisions sanhedrin_panels_max). The provision is loaded first, as
+  # Gate.gather_call does (idempotent per date). Without a ledger
+  # (dev/test) nothing is gathered.
+  defp sanhedrin_gather_panel do
+    if Process.whereis(VavPipeline.MannaLedger) do
+      case VavPipeline.MannaLedger.load_provision() do
+        {:ok, :no_provision} ->
+          {:waiting, :no_provision}
+
+        {:error, _} ->
+          {:waiting, :no_provision}
+
+        {:ok, _} ->
+          case VavPipeline.MannaLedger.consume(:sanhedrin_panels_max, 1) do
+            {:ok, _} -> :ok
+            {:error, :provision_exhausted} -> {:waiting, :provision_exhausted}
+            {:error, :no_provision} -> {:waiting, :no_provision}
+          end
+      end
+    else
+      :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The Tamid's shape for a side: position, reasoning, sources, votes.
+  defp sanhedrin_side(side) when is_map(side) do
+    %{
+      position: Map.get(side, :position, Map.get(side, "position", "")),
+      reasoning: Map.get(side, :reasoning, Map.get(side, "reasoning", "")),
+      sources: side |> Map.get(:torah_refs, Map.get(side, "torah_refs", [])) |> Enum.map(&sanhedrin_ref_string/1),
+      votes: Map.get(side, :vote_count, Map.get(side, "vote_count", 0))
+    }
+  end
+
+  defp sanhedrin_side(_), do: %{position: "", reasoning: "", sources: [], votes: 0}
+
+  # #torah_ref{} arrives from Erlang as {:torah_ref, book, ch, vs}; a tuple
+  # {book, ch, vs} or a map may also appear.
+  defp sanhedrin_ref_string({:torah_ref, book, ch, vs}), do: "#{book} #{ch}:#{vs}"
+  defp sanhedrin_ref_string({book, ch, vs}), do: "#{book} #{ch}:#{vs}"
+  defp sanhedrin_ref_string(%{book: b, chapter: c, verse: v}), do: "#{b} #{c}:#{v}"
+  defp sanhedrin_ref_string(other), do: to_string(inspect(other))
+
+  # Devarim 17:9 — the inquiry is recorded or it did not accumulate. The
+  # decision goes to L3 as an interpretation (panel_size, votes for and
+  # against, processing_component "sanhedrin"), the minority beside it
+  # when it exists. Never turns a served decision into a 500: the record
+  # failing is logged and reported in the reply as `recorded`.
+  defp sanhedrin_record_l3(case_ref, case_text, decision, resolved) do
+    if Process.whereis(VavPipeline.Repo) do
+      maj = decision.majority
+      min = decision.minority
+      {book, ch, vs} = resolved.torah_ref
+      verse_s = "#{book} #{ch}:#{vs}"
+
+      coupling =
+        case resolved.roots do
+          [] -> ["coupled(case(#{case_ref}), verse(#{book}, #{ch}, #{vs}))"]
+          roots -> Enum.map(roots, fn r -> "coupled(root(#{r}), verse(#{book}, #{ch}, #{vs}))" end)
+        end
+
+      attrs = %{
+        case_ref: case_ref,
+        interpretation: to_string(Map.get(maj, :position, "")),
+        status: to_string(decision.outcome),
+        reasoning: "#{case_text} — #{Map.get(maj, :reasoning, "")}",
+        torah_references: Enum.uniq([verse_s | Enum.map(Map.get(maj, :torah_refs, []), &sanhedrin_ref_string/1)]),
+        roots_involved: Enum.map(resolved.roots, &to_string/1),
+        panel_size: decision.panel_size,
+        vote_count_for: Map.get(maj, :vote_count, 0),
+        vote_count_against: Map.get(min, :vote_count, 0),
+        processing_component: "sanhedrin",
+        coupling_trace: coupling
+      }
+
+      try do
+        case VavPipeline.L3.Store.record_interpretation(attrs) do
+          {:ok, interp} ->
+            Logger.info("L3: interpretation #{interp.id} recorded for sanhedrin #{case_ref} (#{decision.outcome})")
+
+            minority_recorded =
+              if Map.get(min, :vote_count, 0) > 0 do
+                case VavPipeline.L3.Store.record_minority(%{
+                       interpretation_id: interp.id,
+                       dissenting_reasoning: "#{Map.get(min, :position, "")} — #{Map.get(min, :reasoning, "")}",
+                       torah_references: Enum.map(Map.get(min, :torah_refs, []), &sanhedrin_ref_string/1),
+                       grounding_type: "achorai"
+                     }) do
+                  {:ok, _} ->
+                    "recorded"
+
+                  {:error, reason} ->
+                    Logger.error("L3: sanhedrin #{case_ref} minority NOT recorded: #{inspect(reason)}")
+                    "failed"
+                end
+              else
+                "none"
+              end
+
+            %{l3: "recorded", interpretation_id: interp.id, minority: minority_recorded}
+
+          {:error, reason} ->
+            Logger.error("L3: sanhedrin #{case_ref} NOT recorded: #{inspect(reason)}")
+            %{l3: "failed", reason: inspect(reason)}
+        end
+      rescue
+        e ->
+          Logger.error("L3: sanhedrin #{case_ref} NOT recorded: #{Exception.message(e)}")
+          %{l3: "failed", reason: Exception.message(e)}
+      end
+    else
+      %{l3: "absent"}
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp side_ok?(%{"position" => p} = side) when is_binary(p) do
+    case Map.get(side, "evidence", []) do
+      ev when is_list(ev) -> Enum.all?(ev, &is_binary/1)
+      _ -> false
+    end
+  end
+
+  defp side_ok?(_), do: false
+
   # ============================================================
   # Internal — Health and Status
   # ============================================================

vav_pipeline/lib/vav_pipeline/sanhedrin_consult.ex

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+defmodule VavPipeline.SanhedrinConsult do
+  @moduledoc """
+  What a judge consults (Architecture §3.2: "consults the specification
+  (L0/L1)"). Registered in the `sanhedrin` application env as
+  `{__MODULE__, :consult}` at pipeline start; `judge.erl` calls it once
+  per vote with the step its seat performs — `:interpret`, `:challenge`
+  or `:resolve` — and the case's roots and question.
+
+  Tablet 55: before this the judge chose among six canned positions by a
+  hash of the clock. Now the only ground a vote can stand on is the
+  Talmudic Engine's answer over the case's roots — the same engine, the
+  same rules, the same verses the bedikah and the Bereishit cycle use.
+  When the engine's socket is not running, or answers with an error, the
+  judge is told `{:error, reason}` and abstains. Nothing here is answered
+  from a stub (tablet 41): `TalmudicEngineClient`'s stub fallbacks are
+  deliberately NOT used — a court that accepts on a stub is the calf.
+  """
+
+  require Logger
+
+  alias VavPipeline.TalmudicEngineSocket
+
+  @books ~w(bereishit shemot vayikra bamidbar devarim)a
+
+  @typedoc "What the judge receives: a status the engine gave, the reading, its verses."
+  @type consultation :: %{
+          required(:status) => String.t(),
+          required(:text) => String.t(),
+          required(:verses) => [{atom(), pos_integer(), pos_integer()}],
+          optional(:kushya) => String.t(),
+          optional(:grounding) => [String.t()]
+        }
+
+  @doc """
+  Called from the judge (Erlang): `consult(Step, CaseRef, Roots, Question, Context)`.
+  Roots are the case's shoresh names as the cycle produces them; the
+  Erlang side hands binaries or charlists — both are accepted.
+  """
+  @spec consult(:interpret | :challenge | :resolve, binary() | charlist(), list(), binary() | charlist(), map()) ::
+          {:ok, consultation()} | {:error, term()}
+  def consult(step, case_ref, roots, question, _context) when step in [:interpret, :challenge, :resolve] do
+    if Process.whereis(TalmudicEngineSocket) do
+      ctx = %{
+        context_roots: Enum.map(roots, &to_string/1),
+        question: to_string(question)
+      }
+
+      ref = "#{to_string(case_ref)}-#{step}"
+
+      case apply(TalmudicEngineSocket, step, [ref, ctx]) do
+        {:ok, %{"status" => status} = reply} when is_binary(status) ->
+          {:ok, normalize(status, reply)}
+
+        {:ok, other} ->
+          {:error, {:unexpected_reply, other}}
+
+        {:error, reason} ->
+          Logger.warning("SanhedrinConsult: engine #{step} failed for #{ref}: #{inspect(reason)}")
+          {:error, {:engine_unavailable, reason}}
+      end
+    else
+      {:error, :engine_socket_not_started}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def consult(step, _ref, _roots, _q, _ctx), do: {:error, {:unknown_step, step}}
+
+  @doc "Parse the engine's verse strings (`verse_ref(bereishit,1,1,...)`, `verse(shemot,3,14)`) into `{book, ch, vs}`."
+  @spec verses_from([String.t()]) :: [{atom(), pos_integer(), pos_integer()}]
+  def verses_from(strings) when is_list(strings) do
+    strings
+    |> Enum.flat_map(fn s ->
+      case Regex.run(~r/verse(?:_ref)?\((bereishit|shemot|vayikra|bamidbar|devarim)\s*,\s*(\d+)\s*,\s*(\d+)/, to_string(s)) do
+        [_, book, ch, vs] -> [{String.to_existing_atom(book), String.to_integer(ch), String.to_integer(vs)}]
+        _ -> []
+      end
+    end)
+    |> Enum.uniq()
+  end
+
+  def verses_from(_), do: []
+
+  @doc false
+  def books, do: @books
+
+  defp normalize(status, reply) do
+    interp = Map.get(reply, "interpretation") || %{}
+    chall = Map.get(reply, "challenge") || %{}
+
+    base = %{
+      status: status,
+      text: to_string(Map.get(interp, "text", "")),
+      verses: verses_from(List.wrap(Map.get(interp, "verses", []))),
+      grounding: List.wrap(Map.get(interp, "grounding", [])) |> Enum.map(&to_string/1)
+    }
+
+    case Map.get(chall, "kushya") do
+      k when is_binary(k) and k != "" -> Map.put(base, :kushya, k)
+      _ -> base
+    end
+  end
+end

vav_pipeline/test/bigdei_kodesh_test.exs

@@ -21,6 +21,38 @@ defmodule VavPipeline.BigdeiKodeshTest do
 
   @opts Router.init([])
 
+  # Tablet 55: a consultation the judges can be pointed at (judge.erl reads
+  # {M, F} from the sanhedrin env). Seat 2 (challenge) finds a kushya; the
+  # other seats read the verse as resolved.
+  def fake_consult(:challenge, _ref, _roots, _q, _ctx),
+    do: {:ok, %{status: "challenged", text: "", kushya: "but the verse says otherwise", verses: [{:devarim, 6, 4}]}}
+
+  def fake_consult(_step, _ref, _roots, _q, _ctx),
+    do: {:ok, %{status: "resolved", text: "the reading", verses: [{:bereishit, 1, 1}]}}
+
+  # A day's manna for the chatzer tests: a panel spends one unit of
+  # sanhedrin_panels_max (tablet 55), so the ledger must hold a provision.
+  defp write_provision(panels) do
+    VavPipeline.MannaLedger.reset()
+    on_exit(fn -> VavPipeline.MannaLedger.reset() end)
+    today = Date.utc_today() |> Date.to_iso8601()
+    expires = DateTime.utc_now() |> DateTime.add(6 * 3600) |> DateTime.to_iso8601()
+
+    provision = %{
+      "date" => today,
+      "provision" => %{"compute_units" => 50, "memory_mb" => 512, "api_calls_external" => 10, "storage_delta_mb" => 2, "sanhedrin_panels_max" => panels},
+      "type" => "regular",
+      "expires_at" => expires,
+      "written_by" => "bigdei_kodesh_test",
+      "written_at" => DateTime.utc_now() |> DateTime.to_iso8601()
+    }
+
+    path = VavPipeline.Manna.provision_file()
+    File.mkdir_p!(Path.dirname(path))
+    File.write!(path, Jason.encode!(provision))
+    on_exit(fn -> File.rm(path) end)
+  end
+
   # ============================================================
   # Pe'ah — Public Endpoint (Machaneh Yisrael)
   # ============================================================
@@ -301,6 +333,8 @@ defmodule VavPipeline.BigdeiKodeshTest do
     end
 
     test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin with valid case deliberates" do
+      write_provision(2)
+
       conn =
         conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", Jason.encode!(%{
           case: "Is cooking on Shabbat permitted for pikuach nefesh?"
@@ -317,6 +351,170 @@ defmodule VavPipeline.BigdeiKodeshTest do
       assert body["deliberation"]["outcome"] in ["accepted", "rejected", "teiku"]
       assert body["note"] =~ "not a binding ruling"
     end
+
+    # Tablet 55: the Tamid's own example — a case WITH sides — returned
+    # 500 and took the halt monitor and escalation down with it.
+    test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin with sides (the Tamid's example) deliberates" do
+      write_provision(2)
+
+      conn =
+        conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", Jason.encode!(%{
+          case: "A borrower repaid before one witness; the lender denies receipt. Who bears the burden?",
+          sides: [
+            %{position: "the borrower is believed", evidence: ["the money was handed over before a witness"]},
+            %{position: "the lender is believed", evidence: ["one witness does not establish payment"]}
+          ],
+          complexity_hint: "monetary"
+        }))
+        |> put_req_header("content-type", "application/json")
+        |> put_req_header("authorization", "Bearer chatzer-test-token")
+        |> Router.call(@opts)
+
+      assert conn.status == 200
+      body = Jason.decode!(conn.resp_body)
+      assert body["deliberation"]["outcome"] in ["accepted", "rejected", "teiku"]
+      # the hint names the panel: monetary → three judges (sanhedrin.hrl)
+      assert body["deliberation"]["panel_size"] == 3
+      # the Tamid's shape — votes and sources, not vote_count and torah_refs
+      assert Map.keys(body["deliberation"]["majority"]) |> Enum.sort() == ["position", "reasoning", "sources", "votes"]
+      assert is_list(body["deliberation"]["majority"]["sources"])
+      # the case was resolved before it was heard
+      assert is_map(body["grounding"]["scope"])
+      assert is_list(body["grounding"]["roots_consulted"])
+      # and the gate is still standing afterwards
+      assert Process.whereis(:halt_monitor) != nil
+      assert Process.whereis(:escalation) != nil
+    end
+
+    # Tablet 55: without a Talmudic Engine to consult, the judges abstain
+    # and the court says teiku — it does not accept on nothing.
+    test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin with no engine to consult is teiku, not accepted" do
+      # The socket process may run in the test env; no engine answers behind it.
+      Application.put_env(:sanhedrin, :consult, {VavPipeline.SanhedrinConsult, :consult})
+      write_provision(2)
+
+      conn =
+        conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", Jason.encode!(%{case: "bereishit 1:1 — what is created first?"}))
+        |> put_req_header("content-type", "application/json")
+        |> put_req_header("authorization", "Bearer chatzer-test-token")
+        |> Router.call(@opts)
+
+      assert conn.status == 200
+      body = Jason.decode!(conn.resp_body)
+      assert body["deliberation"]["outcome"] == "teiku"
+      assert body["deliberation"]["panel_size"] == 1
+      # the one judge abstained: an abstaining majority of one, no dissent
+      assert body["deliberation"]["majority"]["votes"] == 1
+      assert body["deliberation"]["majority"]["reasoning"] =~ "no consultation"
+      assert body["deliberation"]["minority"]["votes"] == 0
+    end
+
+    # Tablet 55: with a consultation behind the judges, the dialectic
+    # decides — interpret resolved, challenge finds a kushya, resolve
+    # resolved → 2 accept, 1 reject; the minority preserved with its verse.
+    test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin monetary panel splits 2–1 from the dialectic" do
+      Application.put_env(:sanhedrin, :consult, {__MODULE__, :fake_consult})
+      write_provision(2)
+
+      try do
+        conn =
+          conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", Jason.encode!(%{
+            case: "devarim 6:4 — is the unity declared or commanded?",
+            complexity_hint: "monetary"
+          }))
+          |> put_req_header("content-type", "application/json")
+          |> put_req_header("authorization", "Bearer chatzer-test-token")
+          |> Router.call(@opts)
+
+        assert conn.status == 200
+        d = Jason.decode!(conn.resp_body)["deliberation"]
+        assert d["panel_size"] == 3
+        assert d["outcome"] == "accepted"
+        assert d["majority"]["votes"] == 2
+        assert d["majority"]["position"] == "the reading"
+        assert d["majority"]["sources"] == ["bereishit 1:1"]
+        assert d["minority"]["votes"] == 1
+        assert d["minority"]["position"] == "but the verse says otherwise"
+        assert d["minority"]["sources"] == ["devarim 6:4"]
+      after
+        Application.put_env(:sanhedrin, :consult, {VavPipeline.SanhedrinConsult, :consult})
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Devarim 17:9 — the decision is engraved in L3: an interpretation row
+    # with the panel and the votes, and the minority beside it.
+    @tag :l3
+    test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin engraves the decision and the minority in L3" do
+      # The record is written from the request process (the router), so a
+      # checkout here covers it; the sandbox is shared for the sake of the
+      # panel's processes, which do not touch the Repo.
+      :ok = Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox.checkout(VavPipeline.Repo)
+      Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox.mode(VavPipeline.Repo, {:shared, self()})
+      on_exit(fn -> Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox.mode(VavPipeline.Repo, :manual) end)
+      Application.put_env(:sanhedrin, :consult, {__MODULE__, :fake_consult})
+      write_provision(2)
+
+      try do
+        before = VavPipeline.L3.Store.count_interpretations()
+        before_min = VavPipeline.L3.Store.count_minority_opinions()
+
+        conn =
+          conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", Jason.encode!(%{case: "devarim 6:4", complexity_hint: "monetary"}))
+          |> put_req_header("content-type", "application/json")
+          |> put_req_header("authorization", "Bearer chatzer-test-token")
+          |> Router.call(@opts)
+
+        assert conn.status == 200
+        body = Jason.decode!(conn.resp_body)
+        assert body["grounding"]["recorded"]["l3"] == "recorded"
+        assert VavPipeline.L3.Store.count_interpretations() == before + 1
+        assert VavPipeline.L3.Store.count_minority_opinions() == before_min + 1
+      after
+        Application.put_env(:sanhedrin, :consult, {VavPipeline.SanhedrinConsult, :consult})
+      end
+    end
+
+    # A panel is manna (Vayakhel §3.7): the day's sanhedrin_panels_max spent → 503.
+    test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin with the day's panels spent returns 503 MANNA_DEPLETED" do
+      write_provision(1)
+      body = Jason.encode!(%{case: "bereishit 1:1"})
+
+      post = fn ->
+        conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", body)
+        |> put_req_header("content-type", "application/json")
+        |> put_req_header("authorization", "Bearer chatzer-test-token")
+        |> Router.call(@opts)
+      end
+
+      assert post.().status == 200
+      second = post.()
+      assert second.status == 503
+      assert Jason.decode!(second.resp_body)["error"]["code"] == "MANNA_DEPLETED"
+    end
+
+    test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin with an unknown complexity_hint returns 422" do
+      conn =
+        conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", Jason.encode!(%{case: "x", complexity_hint: "cosmic"}))
+        |> put_req_header("content-type", "application/json")
+        |> put_req_header("authorization", "Bearer chatzer-test-token")
+        |> Router.call(@opts)
+
+      assert conn.status == 422
+      assert Jason.decode!(conn.resp_body)["error"]["guidance"]["issue"] =~ "complexity_hint"
+    end
+
+    test "POST /chatzer/sanhedrin with malformed sides returns 422, not 500" do
+      for bad <- ["not a list", [%{"no_position" => 1}], [%{"position" => "p", "evidence" => "not a list"}]] do
+        conn =
+          conn(:post, "/chatzer/sanhedrin", Jason.encode!(%{case: "x", sides: bad}))
+          |> put_req_header("content-type", "application/json")
+          |> put_req_header("authorization", "Bearer chatzer-test-token")
+          |> Router.call(@opts)
+
+        assert conn.status == 422, "expected 422 for sides=#{inspect(bad)}, got #{conn.status}"
+        assert Jason.decode!(conn.resp_body)["error"]["code"] == "KIYOR_VALIDATION_FAILED"
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   # ============================================================

vav_pipeline/test/tablet55_engine_root_name_test.exs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+defmodule VavPipeline.Tablet55EngineRootNameTest do
+  @moduledoc """
+  Tablet 55: the Talmudic Engine names roots by letter (bet_resh_aleph,
+  read from "bet-resh-aleph"). The pipeline was sending it the Hebrew,
+  which its verse facts never match — roots in, no verses out, and a
+  "resolved" reading over the emptiness.
+  """
+  use ExUnit.Case, async: true
+
+  alias VavPipeline.BereishitCycle
+
+  test "from the Shoresh Engine's letter names" do
+    assert BereishitCycle.engine_root_name(%{shoresh: "ברא", shoresh_letters: ["bet", "resh", "aleph"]}) ==
+             "bet-resh-aleph"
+  end
+
+  test "from the Hebrew alone (the L1 fallback), finals folded" do
+    assert BereishitCycle.engine_root_name(%{shoresh: "דבר", shoresh_letters: []}) == "dalet-bet-resh"
+    assert BereishitCycle.engine_root_name(%{shoresh: "מלך"}) == "mem-lamed-kaf"
+  end
+
+  test "nothing nameable → nil, never a Hebrew string the engine cannot read" do
+    assert BereishitCycle.engine_root_name(%{shoresh: nil}) == nil
+    assert BereishitCycle.engine_root_name(%{shoresh: "x1"}) == nil
+    assert BereishitCycle.engine_root_name(%{}) == nil
+  end
+end